All-Trans Retinoic Acid Attenuates Hypoxia-Induced Injury in NRK52E Cells via Inhibiting NF-x03BA;B/VEGF and TGF-β2/VEGF Pathway.

Differential regulation of VEGF by TGF-beta and hypoxia in rat proximal tubular cells.

VEGF expression by proximal tubular epithelial cells may play a critical role in maintaining peritubular capillary endothelium in renal disease. Two major processes involved in renal injury include hypoxia (from vasoconstriction or vascular injury) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta-dependent fibrosis, both of which are known to stimulate VEGF. Because the TGF-beta/Smad pathway is activa...

Overexpression of BAG3 Attenuates Hypoxia-Induced Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis by Inducing Autophagy.

BACKGROUND Hypoxia is a well-known factor in the promotion of apoptosis, which contributes to the development of numerous cardiac diseases, such as heart failure and myocardial infarction. Inhibiting apoptosis is an important therapeutic strategy for the treatment of related heart diseases caused by ischemia/hypoxic injury. Previous studies have demonstrated that BAG3 plays an important role in...

VGB3 Induces Apoptosis by Inhibiting Phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 at Serine 536 in the Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Background and objectives: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) inhibition results in an increase in apoptosis. It has been demonstrated that NF-κB subunit p65 phosphorylation at the IκB kinase phosphorylation site serine 536 (Ser536) is essential for the NF-κB nuclear translocation and activation. Therefore, NF-κB can be downregulated by suppressing its phosph...

All-trans Retinoic Acid Regulates the Balance of Treg-Th17 Cells through ERK and P38 Signaling Pathway

Chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia attenuates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension via modulating inflammation and suppressing NF-κB /p38 pathway

Objective(s): Inflammation is involved in various forms of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Although the pathophysiology of PAH remains uncertain, NF-κB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) has been reportedto be associated with many inflammatory mediators of PAH. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (CIHH) on pulmonary inflammat...